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ISSN : 1225-8504(Print)
ISSN : 2287-8165(Online)
Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture Vol.36 No.3 pp.167-178
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2024.36.3.167

Sweet Potato Research and Growth Potential in Paraguay: A Review

Jenny Bareiro*, Seong-Bin Kim**, Betania Fernandez*, Bong Nam Chung*†
*KOPIA Paraguay Center, Centro de Investigación Hernando Bertoni - CIHB – Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Ruta 02 Km. 48.5, Caacupé, Paraguay
**Rural Development Administration, Korea Partnership for Innovation of Agriculture Division, 300, Nongsaengmyeong-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeonbuk State, 54875, Republic of Korea
† Corresponding author (Phone) +595 981 250 696 (E-mail) chbn7567@gmail.com
June 9, 2024 July 25, 2024 July 25, 2024

Abstract


Sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) is an essential crop in the Paraguayan diet. It plays a crucial role in food security. It is a source of income for family agriculture. It has a significant potential to adapt to various climatic and soil conditions in Paraguay, making it a promising crop for improving productivity. However, Paraguay faces a deficit in the development of sweet potato cultivation technology, resulting in a low productivity of 5.3 ton/ha. Efforts have been made to collect and characterize sweet potato genotypes, covering a diversity of native varieties. These efforts have laid the groundwork for future sweet potato research and development. Still, ongoing research and development of strategies are needed to address existing challenges of improving genetic resource traits and developing cultivation technology and to fully exploit growth opportunities in this sector. This review summarizes sweet potato cultivation in Paraguay, focusing on several key technical aspects. It analyzes current market situation and production conditions as well as the availability of genetic materials adapted to different ecoregions. Additionally, it explores prospects for the development of advanced sweet potato crops, including the production of high-quality, virus-free sweet potato plants with improved productivity.


genetic resources , potential , productivity , sweet potato

파라과이의 고구마 연구 소개와 성장 잠재력: 리뷰

Jenny Bareiro*, 김성빈**, Betania Fernandez*, 정봉남*†
*KOPIA 파라과이 센터, Centro de Investigación Hernando Bertoni - CIHB – Instituto Paraguayo de Tecnología Agraria, Ruta 02 Km. 48.5, Caacupé, Paraguay
**농촌진흥청 국외농업기술과, 전북특별자치도 전주시 덕진구 농생명로300, 54875

초록

    INTRODUCTION

    Paraguay is predominantly agricultural, with 37.24% of its population residing in rural areas (FAO, 2024b;UNOPS, 2024). Agriculture is the main contributor to the national GDP growth (BCP, 2024b). However, over 90% of agricultural activities are carried out by family farming, characterized by low productivity and limited access to land, capital, and technology (UNOPS, 2024). Despite these challenges, family farming provides 11 out of the 19 crops of cultural and nutritional importance in the Paraguayan diet, including sweet potato (FAO, 2021).

    Paraguay is divided into two distinct geographical and climatic regions: the Eastern and the Western or Chaco. The Western Region comprises the following ecoregions: Dry Chaco, Pantanal (wetland), Humid Chaco, Cerrado (savanna), and Medanos. In the Eastern Region, the ecoregions are Aquidabán, Amambay, Central Littoral, Central Forest, Atlantic Forest of Alto Paraná (BAAPA), and Ñeembucú. The ecoregions within these two regions further influence the agricultural potential and biodiversity of each area. (Ávila et al., 2018;MAG-DIA, 2008;SEAM, 2013). In general, the Western Region is characterized by saline soil, average annual temperatures between 23 and 26 °C, and an annual precipitation that varies between 400 to 1000 mm, having a deficit for approximately 10 months, which indicates a rainfall deficiency most of the year (DINAC-DMH, 2019-2023;MAG, 2018;MAG-DIA, 2008). Regarding sweet potato cultivation, only 1% of the sweet potato farms and the national production is found in this region (DCEA-MAG, 2023a). On the other hand, the Eastern Region concentrates 99% of the sweet potato farms and the national production, primarily due to its favorable climatic and soil characteristics. The average annual temperatures in this region are between 20 and 25 °C, with the southern departments being the most temperate. Annual precipitation in the Eastern Region varies between 1000 and 1900 mm, spread in about eight to nine months throughout the year, with higher concentrations in the southeast (DCEA-MAG, 2023a;DINAC-DMH, 2019-2023). The departments with high or medium-high fertility soils include Alto Paraná, Itapúa, Concepción, San Pedro, Caaguazú, Canindeyú, and Amambay, with pH values between 6.51 and 7.50 and soil organic matter content between 2.5 and 3.5%. (Fatecha et al., 2017;Hahn, 2017;MAG, 2018;MAG-IICA, 2003).

    The scientific name of the sweet potato was initially described by Linnaeus as Convolvulus batatas and was later classified as Ipomoea batatas in the Encíclica Table t1:456 (Huaman, 1999;Lamarck, 1791). It is known by various names in different parts of the world and originated in the Americas with possible independent evolutions in Central and South America (Morales et al., 2017). The earliest evidence was discovered in the Chilca region of Peru, dating to around 8080 B.C. (O’Brien, 2000). According to the Plants of the World Online Kew Science database (n.d.), it is indicated as a native species of Central American countries (Belize, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Gulf of Mexico, Northeast Mexico, Southeast Mexico, Southwest Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Venezuela) and an introduced species in Paraguay and the rest of the world. Enciso and Gonzalez (2023) mention reports indicating that sweet potatoes were already cultivated by the Guarani natives before the arrival of the Spaniards. Elman (1951), in his description of the “Encomienda in Paraguay”, mentions the sweet potato as already established among the agricultural tasks of the native Guarani. Furthermore, Printes and Baptista (2020) state that the native Mbya Guarani had agricultural techniques for various crops, including sweet potatoes.

    The global importance of sweet potato cultivation lies in its dietary consumption due to its nutritional composition, its production and consumption by small farmers, and its growing industrial applications worldwide (Vidal et al., 2018). Although sweet potato only represents 0.2% of the main seasonal crops in Paraguay, it ranks 11 out of 27. This is because over 75% of production comprises three crops exploited by large producers for export and industrialization. Therefore, sweet potatoes are crucial for smallholder farmers as they are part of the families’ staple food, are cultivated to diversify traditional crops, and generate income in the local market (DCEA-MAG, 2019;Enciso et al., 2021).

    According to the statistical database of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), global sweet potato production has been recorded since 1961, reaching a peak of over 150 million tons but experiencing a drastic reduction since the early 2000s, with 86 million tons in 2022 (FAO, 2024a). The same database reports that Paraguay reached its highest sweet potato production between 2004 and 2006, with more than 166 thousand tons, followed by a significant decline from 2008 to 2022, with productions of around 50 thousand tons. These data are supported by the historical series of sweet potato production according to the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock (MAG) between 2007 and 2022, where the average production was 46,836 tons with an average yield of 5.3 ton.ha-1 (DCEA-MAG, 2023b). Santacruz et al. (2020) indicate that in Paraguay, sweet potato cultivation is mostly conducted on degraded soils with lower technology by smallholder farmers facing issues such as low yields, limited adoption of adapted materials, and lack of improved genetic resources for production.

    RELEVANCE OF SWEET POTATO IN PARAGUAY

    The sweet potato, also known as “jety”, is a crop primarily cultivated by small-scale farmers because it is part of the basis for food security along with other traditional crops such as corn and cassava, in addition to the availability of varieties and high adaptability to different soils (MAG-DIA, 2008;Oviedo, 2018). The sweet potato is predominantly grown across all departments of the Eastern Region, where climatic and soil conditions favor nearly all agricultural development. In contrast, in the Western Region, sweet potato is mainly cultivated by indigenous communities as a food source. These communities employ longer cultivation harvesting techniques and preserve genetically adapted resources (DCEA-MAG, 2023a;Enciso et al., 2021;MAG-DIA, 2008;Santacruz et al., 2020). Sweet potato is an important crop for providing high energy levels to native Chaco populations, serving as commonly consumed “source foods” that are easy to access, and are culturally widely accepted (Gavilan and González, 2020).

    Additionally, sweet potato is a famine food, and its roots possess essential nutritional properties with high contents of carbohydrates, beta-carotene, vitamin C, vitamin B complex, vitamin E, and starch; while the leaves contain high amounts of protein, anthocyanins, and polyphenols (Bhuyan et al., 2020;Lebot, 2009;Lee et al., 2007;Woolfe, 1992).

    SITUATION OF NATIONAL SWEET POTATO PRODUCTION

    The 2022 National Agricultural Census by the Directorate of Agricultural Census and Statistics (DCEA) under the MAG, classified land ownership into large, medium, and small-scale farmers, revealing a marked inequality in land ownership. The data shows that 98% of farms have areas between 1 and 100 hectares, while the remaining 2% have areas between 100 and more than 10,000 hectares. Furthermore, 95% of sweet potato production is concentrated on smaller land areas (<1 ha - 100 ha), as shown in Fig. 1 (DCEA-MAG, 2023a). Most of the sweet potatoes are produced in the departments of San Pedro, Caaguazú, and Concepción. Among the three departments, San Pedro had the greatest sweet potato production in 2008-2022, and the yield has increased from 6.89 ton/ha in 2008-2020 to 12.70 ton/ha in 2021-2022. The average harvested area in San Pedro has also increased from 643 hectares in 2008-2020 and 1,757 hectares in 2021-2022. Despite this, between 2008 and 2022, the number of farms cultivating sweet potatoes decreased by 35% nationwide, and the national average sweet potato production decreased by 30%. The average annual consumption of sweet potato is 48,929 tons, of which the import percentage has increased from 0.05% in 2010 to nearly 15% of the national consumption in 2022 (BCP, 2024a;DCEA-MAG, 2023a;DCEA-MAG, 2023b).

    AN O VE RVIEW OF THE MARKE TING A ND IMPORT DYNAMICS OF SWEET POTATOES

    Sweet potato imports in Paraguay are subject to a sanitary requirement regulated by the National Service for Plant and Seed Quality and Health (SENAVE) under the ‘Phytosanitary Inspection at Entry,’ which mandates that the product be soil-free and accompanied by a phytosanitary certificate (SENAVE, 2024). According to the Central Bank of Paraguay database, the main country that exports sweet potatoes to Paraguay is Brazil, totaling 22,552 tons from 2010 to 2024 (Fig. 2). In second place is Argentina, although the total amount imported is significantly lower than that of Brazil. However, market research studies conducted by the Argentine Agency for International Trade and Investment along with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Trade, and Worship in 2021, identify the Paraguayan market as a potential importer of sweet potatoes of Argentine origin and identify potential wholesale buyers in the national market (AAICI - MRECIC, 2021).

    No records of sweet potato exports from Paraguay exist, according to the SICEX system of the Central Bank of Paraguay (BCP, 2024a). Additionally, the global food and agriculture supply platform, TRIDGE (2024), reports that Paraguay’s share in sweet potato exports for 2023 was 0.0%.

    Regarding the average national commercialization price of sweet potatoes in the Asunción Wholesale Market (DAMA), the wholesale price between 2019 and 2021 is ₲ 1,726 (Paraguay Guarani) (Fig. 3). There is a tendency for lower prices during the winter season and peak price values in the spring season between August and November, as observed in Fig. 4 (MAG, 2022).

    SWEET POTATO CULTIVARS

    According to the list of certified Variety Evaluators by the Directorate of Seeds (DISE) of the Department of Protection and Use of Varieties (DPUV), the Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Technology (IPTA) is the only certified evaluator for sweet potatoes in Paraguay. However, no sweet potato cultivars are recorded in the National Bulletin of Protected and Commercial Cultivars updated to February 2024 (DISE-DPUV, 2023-2024). Paraguay has many different sweet potato genetic resources as it is the center of speciation and dispersal for plant species of the La Plata Basin and is located in one of the centers of origin of cultivated plants in Latin America known as “Centro de Origen Menor Brasileño- Paraguayo,” where several cultivated species were originated, including sweet potatoes.

    With the support of the International Potato Center (CIP), from 1987 to 1991, several sweet potato samples from cultivated and wild materials were gathered for the sweet potato collection in Paraguay, and subsequent works characterized them and eliminated duplicates (MAG-DIA, 2008). According to Santacruz et al. (2020), there are existing sweet potato collections and a germplasm bank that is still in the process of obtaining identifiers or information entries from collectors.

    Several cultivars have been the subject of studies and characterizations to promote the establishment of genetic improvement programs and to optimize production techniques. Table 1 describes the sweet potato cultivars subjected to evaluations and characterizations at the School of Agricultural Sciences (FCA) of the National University of Asunción (UNA). In two assessment studies conducted by Espínola (2019) and Escobar (2015) for the characterization of genetic materials from the sweet potato germplasm bank at the experimental field of the FCA, similar results were obtained. In both case studies, genotype Ib-019 exhibited the best commercial root yield, the highest number of commercial roots per plant, and total roots per plant, while genotype Morotí Guazú showed the highest aerial yield. The 30 genotypes mentioned in Table 1 have also been evaluated for their morphological characterization by Santacruz et al. (2019) using 25 morphological descriptors from Huamán-1991, for the collection’s in vitro and in-field conservation using the protocol developed at the IPTA. All case studies on sweet potato genotype collection indicate wide variability, establishing that the studied genotypes have the potential for establishing sweet potato genetic improvement programs.

    Two studies carried out by Enciso et al. (2021) and Enciso & González (2023) examined five sweet potato genotypes (Morotí, Ib-023, Morado, Morada INTA, and Sayju) in the districts of Loma Plata and San Lorenzo. In these, the Ib-023 genotypes exhibited promising productivity, indicating good potential for future development of the varieties in the Western Region of Paraguay. The authors highlight the lack of rigorous scientific information on sweet potato genotypes that could be useful for specific localities in Paraguay, such as the particular conditions found in the Paraguayan Chaco (Enciso et al., 2021;Enciso & Gonzalez, 2023).

    CROP REQUIREMENTS AND OPTIMAL AGRICULTURAL TECHNIQUES

    The establishment of necessary methodologies to achieve the highest yield and best product quality for the market is crucial for small-scale farmers to benefit from the potential that can be generated. Sweet potato, being native to South America, has a wide range of genetic diversity with potential for adaptation to various local and regional conditions (Bareiro, 2015). The requirements for tuber development include a high percentage of oxygen, well-drained soil without waterlogging, and an optimal pH ranging from 5.6 to 6.5 (Gauna, 2016). In line with environmental requirements, both Castro (2011) and Lorena de la F. and Accatino (1994) indicate that the optimal temperature during growth is above 21°C, with high luminosity and a relative humidity of 80-85%. The ideal soil depth should range from 20 to 60 cm. Additionally, the adaptability to different needs and conditions through the selection of suitable genotypes is emphasized. The availability of nutrients in the soil, as stated by Edmond (1971), must be ensured in different stages of cultivation. Nutrient uptake, in kg/ha, occurs as follows in the days after transplanting (DAT): Nitrogen (N) 54 kg/ha at 60 DAT and 58 kg/ha at 122 DAT, Phosphorus (P) 14 kg/ha at 60 DAT and 29 kg/ha at 122 DAT, Potassium (K) 116 kg/ha at 60 DAT and 111 kg/ha at 122 DAT.

    Some national studies on sweet potatoes expose adjustments for determining the best production techniques. Harvest times of sweet potatoes determine crop profitability and quantity-quality relation of the farmers’ production. Soüberlich (2017) conducted an agronomic evaluation on two sweet potato varieties at different harvest times (90, 120, and 150 days after planting - DAP), and the results indicated that yield depends on both factors: variety and harvest time. The study considered the Pytá (INTA morada) and Pytá Uruguayo varieties, with the latter having the highest yield of commercial, non-commercial, and total tubers, with the best harvest time at 150 DAP. Based on the results of the same study, Aguilera (2017) conducted an economic comparison of the three harvest times in the Pytá and Pytá Uruguayo varieties. The best results in terms of profitability and yield were obtained when planting was done in October, the first harvest 120 DAP (February), and the second harvest 150 DAP (March).

    Another important aspect of sweet potato crop yield is defined by planting spacing. Mongelós (2019) defined that, among two sweet potato varieties (Pytá Uruguayo and Pyta-INTA), the highest yield is obtained with distances of 20 and 30 cm between plants, while a distance of 50 cm between plants results in the lowest yield.

    POSTHARVEST AND VALUE CHAIN

    In an analysis of the value chain of sweet potatoes in the district of San Pedro, Garbini (2022) mentions types of marketing channels for sweet potatoes. First, there is a direct route where producers from the Colonia Andrés Barbero provide directly to the end consumer without intermediation. Second, there is an indirect route where producers market the sweet potato to the Central Supply Market of Asunción (DAMA) which then re-supplies to businesses before reaching the final consumer.

    Currently, the Paraguayan government database provided by the Marketing Directorate of the MAG, lists the “Organizations of Sweet Potato and Cassava Farmers”, with more than 90% of them in the department of San Pedro (seven farmer associations and two committees), followed by a committee of farmers in Canindeyú and one in Central, as shown in Table 2 (DC-MAG, 2023). However, there are no records of cooperatives of sweet potato farmers that support the distribution and marketing phase of the product.

    The traditional post-harvest methodology used with sweet potatoes is curing, which consists of leaving the harvested sweet potatoes in a relatively warm place for 4 to 7 days before moving them to a cooler, darker place until their consumption or sale (LN, 2021). To minimize possible food and economic losses and extend the shelf life of the harvested produce, the post-harvest management of sweet potatoes can be improved through quality preservation. Gavilan et al. (2020) have determined that keeping harvested sweet potatoes in dry refrigerated conditions and without breaking the cold chain at the point of sale can increase shelf life by up to 3 weeks.

    INDUSTRIALIZATION CAPACITY

    The studies for the industrial processing of sweet potatoes in Paraguay are contained in projects carried out between the 1970s and the beginning of 2000. However, there are no updated records that would help to define their profitability. Días (2004) developed the most recent industrial project for sweet potato dessert, where he concludes that the suitable areas to install a processing facility are in the Central Department. His market study indicated that the demand for sweet potato desserts would increase, highlighting the favorable environment for the project’s installation.

    Opposed to Feltes and Cañete (1987), who concluded in their project that a sweet potato dessert manufacturing plant is not profitable, Wasmosy (1976), Ocampos (1987), Romero and García (1988), Ugaldea (1997), and Dias (2004) concluded the viability of installing those facilities. Moreover, each project supports an analysis of the entire processing flow from the procurement of raw materials to storage, production flow, and final distribution in a detailed analysis of the project’s engineering.

    Additionally, the characterization of the physicochemical properties of sweet potatoes has been evaluated by Oviedo (2018) in 14 genotypes, including Morado, Pytá, Boli, Pytá Uruguayo, Japón, Taiwanés, Princesa, Yety Paraguay, Andaí, Ib-011, Ib-019, Ib-020, Ib-023. The results show that the evaluated genotypes have a high dry matter content, implying good potential for industrial use as raw material. Once again, the hybrid clone Ib-019 stands out for its higher Brix percentage, making it ideal for the industrial production of sweets and related products.

    AVAILABILITY OF STEM CUTTINGS

    Farmers can acquire cuttings through various alternatives; however, there is no recorded availability of acquiring cuttings or seedlings with phytosanitary certification. The Paraguayan Institute of Agricultural Technology annually sells sweet potato cuttings among its products from research centers, with variable prices set by annual resolutions. In 2023, the price was set at ₲ 80,000 per sack of cuttings (IPTA, 2023). In another example, the Government of Cordillera has established a tender (No. 438860) to purchase sweet potato cuttings of the Chaco I variety for their distribution to farmers, training in cultivation techniques, harvesting, and post-harvest management (DNCP, 2024). The most common method for small-scale farmers to obtain seeds is using their own cultivar materials to continue the next sweet potato planting season. However, the use of seedlings or seeds of questionable health, the use of susceptible cultivars, and poorly preserved seed roots can jeopardize crop health (Gauna, 2016).

    IMPROVEMENT OF GENETIC RESOURCES

    To establish a sweet potato breeding program, four main factors must be considered: the use of the crop in a specific area, preferences in the type of sweet potato for its use or consumption, environmental or cultural limitations, and diseases or pests (Melvin and Sharad, 1993). Breeding efforts have primarily focused on resistance to viruses, weevils, nematodes, biomass, drought tolerance, dry matter, and acceptability by farmers and consumers (Grüneberg et al., 2015). The general principle in the genetic improvement of clonally propagated crops involves interrupting clonal propagation through crossbreeding and developing sexual seeds to generate genetic variation, from which new clones are selected (Grüneberg et al., 2009). The importance of diseases, such as those caused by the Sweet Potato Virus Disease (SPVD), becomes evident in breeding programs when susceptible genotypes arise in segregated populations or when new genotypes are introduced. Resistance to many diseases is found in the sweet potato germplasm, and the predominant varieties in a region must be addressed during the selection process to avoid releasing susceptible varieties (Mwanga et al., 2017). SPVD, caused by the combined infection of Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV), is the most common viral disease in sweet potato plantations (Valera et al., 2020). Genetic improvement for SPVD resistance is crucial to increase yield and mitigate the impact of SPVD (Ngailo et al., 2013).

    In Paraguay, virus detection in sweet potatoes is sparse and lacks local research. The presence of two genera, Potyvirus and Begomovirus, has been indicated, and it is emphasized that, given Paraguay’s proximity to agricultural regions of Brazil and Argentina, it is plausible that viruses present in those areas could also be present in Paraguay (Esquivel et al., 2024).

    PERSPECTIVES FOR SWEET POTATO IN PARAGUAY

    Paraguay comprises a total of eleven ecoregions and, as mentioned before, is part of the center of plant species speciation of the La Plata Basin and Centro de Origen Menor Brasileño-Paraguayo, where several cultivated species, including sweet potato, originated. Consequently, Paraguay boasts a diversity of genetic resources (MAG-DIA, 2008). Morales (1988) indicates that the soil and climatic conditions in Paraguay are conducive to the development of sweet potato cultivation. Castro (2011) mentions that sweet potatoes, being a tropical species, do not tolerate low temperatures, and the average temperature during plant growth should be above 21 °C. In Paraguay, the annual average temperature exceeds 22 °C (DINAC, 2018). The crop’s rainfall requirement is 750 to 1,000 mm annually, with 500 mm needed during the growth period (Martí, 2018). According to the climate report for Paraguay, annual precipitation in Paraguay ranges from 600 mm in the western region, with a rainy season between December and February, to up to 1800 mm in the eastern region, with more prolonged and variable rainy seasons starting between October and November and extending into the summer and mid-autumn months (Grassi, 2020). Martí (2018) also notes that sweet potatoes are moderately sensitive to salinity and, while they adapt well to different soil types, they ideally require light-textured and well-aerated soils. The agroecological zoning compendium of Paraguay classifies five of the eight zones as having soils with high to medium fertility (MAG, 2018). Consequently, it can be observed that the soil and climatic conditions in the country are ideal for sweet potato cultivation.

    While the environmental characteristics are favorable for sweet potato cultivation, several challenges exist to boost its productivity. In recent years, there has been an increase in sweet potato imports from Brazil, highlighting that domestic production has not yet met the national market demand. The main challenge in this regard is to provide adequate technology to smallholder farmers including technical assistance, develop cultivars better adapted to different zones, provide sufficient and healthy reproductive materials, and ensure the sale of their production to the market. Regarding phytosanitary challenges, viral diseases are the most significant worldwide, perpetuated by using cuttings from infected plants from one crop cycle to another (primary infection) and transmitted through vectors, mainly piercing-sucking insects such as aphids and whiteflies (secondary infection) (Martí, 2018). Viral diseases are crucial in this crop as they are the primary limiting factor for production and the quality of storage roots in all production areas (Buxmann et al., 2022;Di Feo et al., 2018).

    Esquivel et al. (2024) wrote a review of information about viruses found in naturally infected plants in Paraguay. This review identifies the Sweet potato leaf curl virus (SPLCV, Begomovirus), the Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV, Potyviruses), and Sweet potato virus G (SPVG). The work of identification and characterization was carried out by Cuellar et al. (2015) during the viral indexing of germplasm materials at the International Potato Center in Peru, where the following sweet potato genetic materials from Paraguay were included: Japonesa I, donated by the National Agronomic Institute (IAN) in 1992; Yety (abayybo), collected in 1990; Batata bobora, collected in 1990 in Colonia Laura Km 35; Yety Azucena and Yety Puta, collected in 1991 in Colonia Indígena; and Morotí, acquired in 1992. Table 3 identifies the varieties with their corresponding accessions, acquisition data, and characterized symptoms.

    Documentation and studies on viral diseases in sweet potatoes in Paraguay are scarce. Esquivel et al. (2024) suggest that future research is expected to reveal further viruses in Paraguay, emphasizing the importance of understanding this phenomenon for developing effective control strategies. Del Valle (2015), in his analysis of sweet potato propagule production in Argentina, emphasizes that the constant renewal of propagules with sanitary control as planting material contributes to the reduction of viral load, resulting in improvements in the yield and quality of sweet potatoes. Loebenstein (2015) explains that for the control of viruses in sweet potato, farmers should be provided with planting material that has been tested for viruses through PCR, serology, and grafting onto sweet potato virus indicator plants such as Iris setosa. Additionally, to produce virus-free sweet potatoes, meristem tip culture is commonly used (Nam et al., 2016). In this sense, it is important to highlight examples such as the one from China, where an effective system for the propagation and delivery of virus-free sweet potato planting material has been established, classifying them into four grades: virus- free seedlings, mother plants, original plants, and productive seed sweet potatoes (Feng et al., 2000).

    적 요

    1. 고구마(Ipomoea batatas L)는 파라과이인의 식단에 필수 식품이며 식량 안보와 가족 농의 소득원으로서 중요한 역할 을 하고 있다. 고구마는 파라과이의 다양한 기후 및 토양 조 건에 적응할 수 있는 상당한 잠재력을 가지고 있어 품종 개량 및 생산성 향상에 대한 전망이 밝은 작물이다.

    2. 파라과이는 고구마 재배 기술 개발이 부족하여 단위면 적당 생산성은 5.3톤/ha 로 매우 낮다. 품종 개발을 위한 토대 를 마련하기 위하여 토종 품종을 포함하여 다양한 고구마 유 전자원을 보존하고 특성화하기 위해 노력을 해 왔다. 하지만 유전자원 형질 개선이나 생산성 향상을 위한 재배기술의 문 제를 개선하고 발전하기 위해서는 지속적인 연구와 전략 개 발이 필요하다.

    3. 본 연구에서는 파라과이에서 수행한 고구마 연구에 관 하여 조사하였다. 현재 시장 상황과 생산 환경은 물론 다양한 생태 환경에 적합한 유전자원의 가용성을 분석하였다. 또한 고구마 우량묘 유통을 위하여 바이러스에 감염되지 않은 것 이 확인된 건전한 고구마 증식묘 생산의 필요성에 관하여 살 펴보았다.

    ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

    This study was funded by the KOPIA project (2021- PRY-02, Development of Advanced Cultivation Technology on Sweet Potato for Smallholder Farmers in Paraguay) of the Rural Development Administration and was conducted by t he K O PIA Paraguay C enter in Paraguay.

    Figure

    KSIA-36-3-167_F1.gif

    Number of farmers by cultivated area of sweet potato (DCEA-MAG, 2023).

    KSIA-36-3-167_F2.gif

    Amount of sweet potato imports from Brazil between 2010 and 2024*. Central Bank of Paraguay (BCP, 2024).

    KSIA-36-3-167_F3.gif

    Average sweet potato wholesale price per month at the Central Food Market of Asuncion (DAMA) between 2019 and 2021 (MAG, 2022).

    Table

    Sweet potato cultivars evaluated and characterized at the School of Agricultural Sciences (FCA) of the National University of Asunción (UNA), 2015-2019 (Santacruz et al., 2019).

    List of sweet potato and cassava farmers’ associations in Paraguay (DC- MAG, 2023).

    Viral disease test of sweet potato genetic materials collected in Paraguay conducted at the International Potato Center in Peru (Cuellar et al., 2015).

    <sup>*</sup>Symptoms on leaves: C, chlorosis; Cp, chlorotic point; D, dwarfing; RU, roll up; Vc, vein clearing. - : unidentified

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