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ISSN : 1225-8504(Print)
ISSN : 2287-8165(Online)

Journal of the Korean Society of International Agriculture Vol.36 No.4 pp.379-386
DOI : https://doi.org/10.12719/KSIA.2024.36.4.379

Performance of Cherry Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) Genotypes for Yield and Fruit Quality in Ethiopia

Melkamu Hinsermu^*, Chongdae Kim^**†, Doham Pae^**, Tesfa Binalfew^***, Demis Fikire^****, Minuyelet Jambere^*****, Selamawit Ketema^*, Shimelis Aklilu^*, Gebeyehu Wondimu^*, Dessie Getahun^******, Tarkua Hailu^*

^*Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR), Melkassa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 436, Adama, Ethiopia
^**KOPIA Ethiopia Center, Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, P.O. Box 2003, Ethiopia
^***The World Vegetable Center (WorldVeg) P.O. Box 5689, Addis Abeba, Ethiopia
^****EIAR, Kulumsa Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 489, Asela, Ethiopia
^*****Amhara Agricultural Research Institute, Woramit Horticulture Research & Training Sub-Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
^******EIAR, Fogera National Rice Research and Training Center P.O. Box 1937, Wereta, Ethiopia

^† Corresponding author (Phone) +251991160526 (E-mail) chongkim429@gmail.com

Received September 19, 2024 Review December 12, 2024 Accepted December 13, 2024

Abstract

Cherry tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L,. var. cerasiforme Mill.) is small fruits with a bright red color resembling a cherry and having an excellent taste, sweet and juicy ambience. So far, no cherry tomato variety was registered in Ethiopia. Consequently, six genotypes were imported from National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Sciences (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA) Republic of Korea, and field experiment was conducted in RCBD with three replications at six Ethiopian testing sites, with irrigation, during off-seasons of 2021 and 2022 to identify high yielding, well adapted and good quality varieties. The overall analysis of variance across locations and years showed non-significant difference among the genotypes for marketable and total yields. But separate analysis for each site has revealed significant differences among genotypes at Melkassa, Koka, Adami- Tulu and Fogera, unlike that of Kulumsa and Woramit. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) among these genotypes for fruit numbers per plant, average fruit weight, fruits per cluster, plant height, skin thickness, juice volume and total soluble solid. Wonhong No.3 gave higher marketable (24.49 t/ha) and total (26.19 t/ha) yields, and generally Wonhong Nos.3 and 5 had higher yields and good qualities across these tested locations and years. Hence, Wonhong No.3 (designated as Jorgie-1) was registered for its higher yield, non-cracking, good TSS and color, while Wonhong No.5 (renamed as Jorgie-2) was preferred for its smaller fruit size, reasonable yield and quality (TSS, color, non-cracking). Hence, both varieties were officially registered in 2023 season for commercial production in different agro-ecologies of Ethiopia, and they are believed to add more economic and nutritional values for the tomato producers and the consumers. They can also support the intensification of tomato cultivation in peri-urban and urban agriculture, where demands and thus government focus are increasingly growing.

Key Words : Cherry tomato varieties , total and marketable yields , TSS , fruit color

에티오피아에서 한국 방울토마토 (Solanum lycopersicum var. cerasiforme) 품종의 생산성 및 품질 비교

Melkamu Hinsermu^*, 김종대^**†, 배도함^**, Tesfa Binalfew^***, Demis Fikire^****, Minuyelet Jambere^*****, Selamawit Ketema^*, Shimelis Aklilu^*, Gebeyehu Wondimu^*, Dessie Getahun^******, Tarkua Hailu^*

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INTRODUCTION

Cherry tomato [Solanum lycopersicum (L.) var. cerasiforme Mill.] is a cultivated variety of tomato and belongs to the family Solanaceae. Cherry tomato is grown for its edible fruits; they are perfect for making processed products like sauce, soup, ketchup, puree, curries, paste, powder, rasam and sandwich (Najibullah et al., 2020;Binod et al., 2023). It is a tomato variety with small fruit, with different shapes and colors and it is mainly used for fresh consumption. Cherry tomato is small in size, has a sweeter taste and offers several significant nutritional benefits, noted that cherry tomatoes have intense color and flavor, generally round in shape and weighing 10 to 30 grams (gm). Its fruits are consumed more as a salad fruit rather than as a vegetable. Hence, cherry tomato is often called ‘salad tomato’ (Charlo et al., 2007).

The cherry tomato is also beneficial to human health because of its high content of antioxidant and phytochemical compounds including lycopene, - carotene, flavonoids, vitamin C and many essential nutrients like, total carbohydrate, sugars, protein, calcium, and iron. They are a great source of vitamin C (13 mg/100 gm), dietary fibre (2.0 gm), vitamin A (25%)and vitamin K and also a good source of vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol), thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, foliate, phosphorus, copper, potassium and manganese (Thapa et al., 2014). Quality parameters in cherry tomato emphasize its attributes for fresh market and processing values. The cherry tomatoes developed for fresh market and processing should have distinct quality characteristics (Kumar et al., 2014;Thapa et al., 2014).

In Ethiopia, there is no cherry tomato variety has been released or registered yet. In order to fill this gap, six genotypes were introduced through the Technical Cooperation Project (TCP) of the Korean Program for International Cooperation in Agriculture (KOPIA). The project was known as “Development and promotion of tomato technologies for enhancing productivity in Ethiopia”. It has been undertaken since 2021. The study was aimed at evaluating and identifying well adapted genotypes, with higher yield and better quality for wider production in Ethiopia.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Description of study area

The experiment was conducted at four Agricultural Research Centers (Melkassa, Kulumsa, Fogera and Woramit) and two farmers’ fields at (Adami-Tulu and Koka, Central Rift Valley) during 2021 and 2022 off-seasons. The descriptions of experimental sites were given in (Table 1), as shown below.

Experimental design and treatment

The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications. It consisted of six cherry tomato genotypes (Sarang, Wonhong No. 1, Wonhong No. 2, Wonhong No. 3, Wonhong No. 4 and Wonhong No. 5). Area of each experimental plot was 15 m² (3m x 5m). Each experimental plot was consisted of five rows (the 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th rows were harvestable row, while the 1^st and 5^th rows were border rows). The spacing between rows and plants was 100 cm and 30 cm, respectively. And the spacing between plots and blocks was 1.5 m.

Experimental procedure

The six cherry tomato genotypes were introduced from the National Institute of Horticulture and Herbal Science (NIHHS), Rural Development Administration (RDA), Republic of Korea in 2017. Land preparation was done by plowing with a tractor, followed by disking and harrowing to ensure proper soil preparation. Fertilizers, NPS (242 kg/ha) was applied at transplanting, while urea (79 kg/ha) was applied in two splits (50% two weeks after transplanting and the remaining 50% one and a half month after transplanting). Fungicides ‘Ridomil gold’ and ‘Nativo’ were applied at the rate of (3.5 kg/ha) to control different leaf diseases (bacterial leaf spot and powdery mildew, respectively), and ‘Karate’ 5% (2.5 l/ha) was also applied against insect pests (African boll worm), and Tutan against Tuta absoluta. Other necessary cultural practices were undertaken to all plots uniformly as recommended (EIAR, 2021).

Data collection and analysis

Number fruits per plant, average fruit weight (gm), number of fruits per cluster, number of clusters per plant, marketable and total yield (t/ha), plant height (cm), skin thickness) (mm), no of locules, juice volume of a fruit (ml), total soluble solid, fruit shape, skin color and skin crack were collected at and after harvesting. For total and marketable yields, data from net plots were weighed and extrapolated into tons per hectares, while average of random samples for five plants were taken for data, like fruits per plant and cluster, plant height and number of locules.

The collected data were subjected to analysis of variance using the GLM procedure of the SAS software version 9.0 (SAS, 2004). The assumptions of ANOVA for normality of distribution and homogeneity of variance were checked and statistical analysis where the F-ratios was found to be significant, mean separation was performed using LSD at the 5% probability level.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Marketable yield

The combined analysis of variance across years and locations for marketable yield was non-significant during both 2021 and 2022 years (Tables 2 & 3). Average marketable yield ranged from 22.42 to 25.6 t/ha in 2021, while it was 19.2 to 24.37 t/ha in 2022. Wonhong No.1 gave (25.6 t/ha) followed by Wonhong No.3 (25.5 t/ha), showing both were good marketable yielders during the first season. But during 2022 year, higher marketable yielder (24.37 t/ha) was Sarang, followed by Wonhong No.3 (23.49 t/ha), indicating No.3 was better performer during both seasons.

The individual location analysis of variance showed significant differences among genotypes at Melkassa, Koka, Adami-Tulu, Fogera, while non-significant at Kulumsa and Woramit for marketable yield in 2021. Sarang variety gave the highest yield (27.97 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.3 (23.50 t/ha) at Melkassa in 2021. Likewise, Wonhong No.3 was top yielder (36.77 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.2 (36.53 t/ha) at Koka. Similar results were recorded at Adami-Tulu, with Wonhong No.3 (27.82 t/ha) and Wonhong No.2 (24.47 t/ha). At Fogera, however, Wonhong No.1 gave (26.43 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.4 (24.60 t/ha). Similar results were also reported (Said et al., 2014), as they observed significant variations for yield and yield attributing characters in different accessions of cherry tomato.

During 2022 cropping season, Sarang was the highest yielder (29.57 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.3 (27.56 t/ha) at Melkassa though their ANOVAs were non-significant at Kulumsa, Woramit and Fogera. Across the two years, No.3 has generally shown promising marketable yields.

Total yield

The combined analysis of variance across years and locations for total yield of cherry tomato genotypes were non-significant during both 2021 and 2022 years (Tables 4 & 5). It ranged from 23.92 to 26.83 t/ha in 2021. Wonhong No.3 gave the top total yield (26.83 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.1 (26.69 t/ha). But in 2022, the higher total yield (27.22 t/ha) was recorded from Sarang, followed by Wonhong No.3 (25.56 t/ha), showing total yield variations of the genotypes over the two season though Wonhong No.3 was relatively better and stable.

The separate analysis of variance for each site showed significant differences among genotypes at Melkassa, Koka, Adami-Tulu, Fogera, but it was non-significant at Kulumsa and Bahir-Dar for total yield in 2021. Sarang was top yielder (31.27 t/ha) at Melkassa during 2021, whereas Wonhong No.3 (37.71 t/ha) and Wonhong No.2 (37.38 t/ha) were good total yielder at Koka. Similarly, Wonhong No.3 was top total yielder (30.13 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.2 (26.86 t/ha) at Adami-Tulu. At Fogera site, nevertheless, Wonhong No.1 was high yielder (26.77 t/ha), followed by Wonhong No.4 (24.91 t/ha). Ramya et al. (2016) and Najabullah et al. (2020) have shown similar results for cherry tomato varieties, with wide variability of yield components and fruit quality characteristics (flavor, aroma, color and texture). In short, Wonhong No.3 was good total yielder (27.56 t/ha) during 2022 at Melkassa even though it was non-significantly different from other varieties at Kulumsa, Woramit and Fogera (Table 5). In most cases, the genotypes have shown specific adaptations across sites and seasons. However, genotypes, like Wonghong No. 3 (Jorgie-1) and No.5 (Jorgie-2) were relatively better performers under the tested environments. Jorgie means in Afan-Oromo (local language) reddish, shining and beautiful ladies or items. It usually reflects rose-like and lovely personalities or things, as shown in Figure 1.

Vegetative and fruit quality parameters

There was significant difference (P<0.05) among genotypes in terms of fruit number per plant, average fruit weight, number of fruits per cluster, plant height, skin thickness, juice volume of fruit and total soluble solid. Ramya et al. (2016) have reported similar result on cherry tomato’s wide variability for yield components and fruit quality characteristics, like flavor, aroma, color and texture. As shown in Table 7, non-significant difference was observed for number of clusters per plant and number of locules. The highest fruit number per plant was from Wonhong No.1 (127), followed by Wonhong No.2 (126) and Wonhong No.5 (125), while the lowest (107) was recorded from Wonhong No.4. Likewise, the highest (24.83 gm) average fruit weight was obtained from genotype Sarang, the next (21.43 gm) was from Wonhong No.3, against the lowest (13.40 gm) that was registered from Wonhong No.5. Similarly, the highest number (30) of fruits per cluster was obtained from Wonhong No. 2, which was succeeded by that of Wonhong No. 3 (27).

The tallest height (170.33 cm) was recorded for Wonhong No. 3, followed by Wonhong No. 4 (169.60 cm) and Wonhong No. 5 (149.13 cm). In the same manner, the highest skin thickness (3.31 mm) was recorded from Wonhong No. 3, while the softest (2.98 mm) was obtained from Wonhong No. 2. Maximum juice volume of fruit (26.33 ml) was also recorded from Sarang against the minimum (14 ml) of Wonhong No. 5. Similar results were reported for average fruit weight and shape (Rodríguez et al., 2003); fruit yield, average fruit weight and pericarp thickness (Garzón, 2011). In tomatoes, higher pericarps (skin thickness) were reported (Binod et al., 2023) to associate with longer shelf-lives. Generally speaking, in this study, Wonhong Nos. 3 & 5, were superior in their overall performance (Table 6), and thus were officially approved for commercial cultivation across Ethiopia in 2023 (Fig. 1).

적 요

방울토마토는 체리를 닮은 선홍색의 작은 과일로 맛과 단맛, 과즙이 뛰어나지만 현재 에티오피아에서는 새로운 품종으로 현재까지 방울토마토 품종이 출시되거나 등록되지 않았다. 따라 서 2021년과 2022년 4개의 농업 연구 센터(Melkassa, Kulumsa, Fogera 및 Woramit)와 2개의 농경지(Adami Tulu 및 Koka)등 관개시설이 구비된 6개지역에서 현장 실험을 수행하였으며, 우 수품종의 생산량과 품질을 비교하기 위하여 6개품종(사랑, 원 홍 1호, 원홍2호, 원홍3호, 원홍4호 및 원홍5호)을 가지고 2년 동안 3반복처리 임의배치법으로 수행하였다.

지역과 연도에 따른 분산 분석을 통해 시장성 및 총 수확량 에 대한 품종간의 차이는 크지 않은 것으로 나타났는데, 이는 지역간 차이가 없음을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 개별 위치에 대한 별도의 분산 분석에서는 Melkassa, Koka, Adami-Tulu 및 Fogera의 유전자형 간에 유의미한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났 으며, Kulumsa 및 Woramit은 2021년 시장성 및 총 수확량 모 두에서 유의미하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 2022년에는 Melkassa 에서만 유의미한 차이가 있었고 나머지 5개 현장에서는 유의 미하지 않았다. 원홍3호, 원홍 5호는 수율이 높고 품질(TSS, Color & Non-crack)이 우수하여 에티오피아 일반생산 및 테이 블용으로 출시되었으며, 이들 원홍3호와 원홍5호는 현지어로 장미색을 뜻하는 Jorgie-1, Jorgie-2라는 현지명으로 출시되었다.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors extend their sincere thanks to the Korean Government through RDA and KOPIA for financing this project, and NIHHS for sharing with us their valuable genotypes. We also thank EIAR-MARC for hosting and facilitating the execution of this study. Finally, we extend our appreciations for the collaborating Research Centers (Debre Z eit, K ulumsa, Fogera a nd W oramit) and o ther stakeholders for their support during implementation of the entire project.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

Figure

Fig. 1.

Fruits of the two cherry tomatoes (Wonhong no. 3 & 5) registered from Melkassa, Ethiopia in 2023.

Table

Table 1.

The detail description of experimental sites, 2021-2022.

Testing site	Agro-ecology	Altitude (m.a.s.l)	Temperature (min/max)	Rainfall (total annual)
Melkassa	Midlands	1,550 m	12.6-28.5 oC	768 mm
Debre Zeit	Tepid cool sub-moist highlands	1,900 m	8.9-28.3 oC	851 mm
Kulumsa	cool highland to semi-arid	2,200 m	10-22 oC	840 mm
Fogera	Midland	1,819 m	12-28 oC	1,230 mm
Koka	Midlands	1,605 m	12.14-27.39 oC	896 mm
Adami-Tulu	Midlands	1,655 m	12.8-28.56 oC	600 mm
Woramit	Midlands	2,240 m	6.2-17.85 oC	1,250 mm

Table 2.

Average marketable yield (t/ha) of six cherry tomato genotypes across six locations of Ethiopia, 2021.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05

Genotypes	Melkassa	Koka	Adami tulu	Kulumsa	Woramit	Fogera	Mean
Sarang	27.97a	28.39bc	16.64c	17.52	26.2	17.81c	22.42
Wonhong No.1	21.92b	33.07abc	23.33abc	23.01	25.85	26.43a	25.6
Wonhong No.2	21.62b	36.53ab	24.47ab	18.45	23.25	19.81bc	24.02
Wonhong No.3	23.50ab	36.77a	27.82a	21.06	20.97	22.88abc	25.5
Wonhong No.4	19.31b	27.61c	22.34abc	20.14	25.21	24.60ab	23.2
Wonhong No.5	18.97b	28.57bc	19.22bc	20.28	28.9	21.33abc	22.88

Mean	22.22	31.82	22.30	20.08	25.06	22.14	23.94
LSD (5%)	4.99	7.63	6.56	6.22	7.53	5.30	4.07
F-test	*	*	*	NS	NS	*	NS
CV (%)	12.4	13.2	16.2	17	16.5	13.2	18.8

Table 3.

Mean marketable yield (t/ha) of six cherry tomato genotypes across four sites of Ethiopia, 2022.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at p < 0.05

Genotypes	Melkassa	Kulumsa	Woramit	Fogera	Average
Sarang	29.57a	18.00	27.21	25.65	24.37
Wonhong No.1	23.56abc	13.95	25.00	23.14	21.07
Wonhong No.2	20.18bc	13.39	29.33	23.19	21.25
Wonhong No.3	27.56ab	15.05	29.46	23.09	23.49
Wonhong No.4	18.04c	16.38	18.30	24.74	19.20
Wonhong No.5	16.14c	15.23	26.33	27.26	21.12

Mean	21.21	15.33	25.94	20.47	21.75
LSD (5%)	5.98	8.19	7.90	9.12	4.13
F- test	*	NS	NS	NS	NS
CV (%)	15.50	29.36	16.74	20.47	10.45

Table 4.

Mean total yield (t/ha) of six cherry tomato genotypes at six sites of Ethiopia, 2021.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at <i>p</i> < 0.05

Genotypes	Melkassa	Koka	Adami tulu	Kulumsa	Woramit	Fogera	Combined
Sarang	31.27a	30.17ab	20.00b	18.74	27.51	18.35c	24.34
Wonhong No.1	23.13b	33.84ab	25.11ab	24.11	27.14	26.77a	26.69
Wonhong No.2	23.01b	37.38a	26.86ab	19.57	24.41	20.12bc	25.22
Wonhong No.3	25.05b	37.71a	30.13a	22.51	22.02	23.55abc	26.83
Wonhong No.4	20.23b	28.19b	23.66ab	21.24	26.47	24.91ab	24.14
Wonhong No.5	20.23b	29.22b	20.74b	21.06	30.34	21.94abc	23.92

Mean	23.84	32.75	34.42	21.21	26.32	22.61	25.19
LSD (5%)	5.19	7.52	6.31	6.75	7.91	5.54	4.13
F-test	**	*	*	NS	NS	*	NS
CV (%)	12	12.6	14.2	17.5	16.5	13.5	18.3

Table 5.

Mean total yield (t/ha) cherry tomato national trial at four sites of Ethiopia, 2022.

Means followed by the same letter are not significantly different at <i>p</i> < 0.05

Genotypes	Melkassa	Kulumsa	Woramit	Fogera	Average
Sarang	29.57a	19.21	27.21	32.93	27.22
Wonhong No.1	23.56ab	14.46	25.00	27.45	22.62
Wonhong No.2	20.18bc	14.03	29.33	29.45	23.25
Wonhong No.3	27.56ab	16.12	29.46	29.11	25.56
Wonhong No.4	18.04c	17.22	18.30	30.34	20.97
Wonhong No.5	16.14c	15.84	26.33	33.27	22.88

Mean	22.51	16.15	25.94	30.41	23.75
LSD (5%)	7.43	8.48	7.90	10.59	4.58
F- test	*	NS	NS	NS	NS
CV (%)	18.16	28.88	16.74	19.14	10.62

Table 6.

Summary of marketable, unmarketable & total yields (t/ha) of the two cherry tomato varieties across their tested locations during their registration for general release in Ethiopia, 2023.

Varieties	Location	Marketable Yield (t/ha)	Unmarketable Yield (t/ha)	Total Yield (t/ha)
Wonhong No-3 (Jorgie-1)	Melkassa	24.94	0.94	25.88
Koka on farm	28.70	0.45	29.15
Wonji on farm	16.42	0.08	16.49
Debre Zeit	29.02	0.18	29.20
Kulumsa	20.40	0.14	20.54
Woramit	24.88	0.00	24.88
Mean	24.06	0.30	24.36
Wonhong No-5 (Jorgie-2)	Melkassa	22.90	0.63	23.53
Koka on farm	24.85	0.54	25.39
Wonji on farm	14.04	0.09	14.13
Debre Zeit	23.74	0.15	23.89
Kulumsa	19.50	0.17	19.67
Woramit	22.52	0	22.52
Mean	21.26	0.26	21.52

Table 7.

Vegetative and quality characters of the six cherry tomato genotypes, 2021-2022.

^*Means followed by the same letter within a column are not significantly different at 5 % level of significance; gm = gram, cm = centimeter, mm = millimeter and ml = milliliter

Genotypes	Fruits No/plant	Av. fruit Wt. (gm)	No of fruits/ cluster	No. cluster/plant	Plant height (cm)	Skin thickness (mm)	No of locules	Juice vol (ml)	%TSS
Sarang	109.0b	24.83a	26.25bc	8.20	163.00ab	3.14ab	2.28	26.33a	5.75c
Wonhong No.1	127.4a	20.43ab	26.71abc	7.13	154.67bc	3.08ab	2.35	24ab	6.23ab
Wonhong No.2	126.7a	14.17c	30.23a	6.73	159.13b	2.98b	2.37	18.67c	6.37a
Wonhong No.3	118.1ab	21.43a	26.94ab	7.80	170.33a	3.31a	2.21	23.83b	5.91bc
Wonhong No.4	107.4b	15.10bc	22.8 c	7.2	169.60a	3.08ab	2.21	22.00b	6.20ab
Wonhong No.5	124.9a	13.40c	23.89bc	7.00	149.13c	3.01b	2.29	14.00d	6.32ab

Mean	119	18.22	26.15	7.34	160.98	3.1	2.3	21.47	6.10
LSD (5%)	14.2	6.14	3.61	1.61	9.10	0.24	0.17	2.43	0.40
F-test	*	**	**	NS	*	*	NS	**	*
CV (%)	17.9	18.52	20.7	12.09	3.11	11.6	11.5	6.24	9.8

Table 8.

Characteristics of the six cherry tomato genotypes in Ethiopia, 2021-2022.

Genotypes	Fruit size (relative)	Fruit shape	Skin color	Skin crack (due to heat)
Sarang	Large	Plum	Red	Observed
Wonhong No.1	Medium	Plum	Red	None
Wonhong No.2	Medium	Plum	Red	None
Wonhong No.3	Medium	Plum	Red	None
Wonhong No.4	Medium	Plum	Red	None
Wonhong No.5	Small	Plum	Red	None

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