This study evaluates the determinants of Cambodia’s agricultural product exports from 2004 to 2023 across 35 major export destinations using the gravity model approach. During this period, China accounted for the largest share of export value, followed by Vietnam, France, Malaysia, and Thailand. Cambodia’s GDP and the GDP of its trading partners positively influenced the country’s agricultural exports. Moreover, the historical status of export destinations as former French colonies facilitated Cambodia’s export flows. In contrast, exchange rates and geographical distance negatively affected Cambodia’s agricultural trade. This study confirms the existence of significant untapped export potential between Cambodia and its trading partners. To optimize its agricultural exports, Cambodia can benefit from processing agricultural products before export. Therefore, the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) should actively support and promote investment in the agricultural processing industry to enhance the country’s international competitiveness. Additionally, the RGC and policymakers should strategically select export destinations through favorable trade negotiations and focus on the effective implementation of existing export policies.